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Research Article

Monitoring and control of nutrient variability management for hot-temperature crops in smart greenhouses: A review

스마트 온실에서 고온성 작물의 양분 변이 관리를 위한 모니터링 및 제어에 관한 고찰

Cholet Nyangoma Atulinda1
,
Emmanuel Bicamumakuba2
,
Md Nasim Reza34
,
Sakib Robin2
,
Hyeunseok Choi5
,
Sun-Ok Chung67*
Atulinda Cholet Nyangoma1
,
Bicamumakuba Emmanuel2
,
Reza Md Nasim34
,
Robin Sakib2
,
최 현석5
,
정 선옥67*
1Master’s Student, Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
2Master’s Student, Department of Smart Agricultural Systems, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
3Post-Doctoral Researcher, Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
4Post-Doctoral Researcher, Department of Smart Agricultural Systems, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
5Senior Researcher, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan, 31056, Republic of Korea
6Professor, Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
7Professor, Department of Smart Agricultural Systems, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
1충남대학교 농업기계공학과 석사 과정 학생
2충남대학교 스마트농업시스템학과 석사 과정 학생
3충남대학교 농업기계공학과 박사후 연구원
4충남대학교 스마트농업시스템학과 박사후 연구원
5한국생산기술연구원 수석연구원
6충남대학교 농업기계공학과 교수
7충남대학교 스마트농업시스템학과 교수
*Corresponding Author
31 March 2026. pp. 21-45
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Abstract

Hot-temperature crop production is expanding rapidly to secure year-round supplies of high-value crops such as tomato, sweet pepper, cucumber, and melon in regions facing intensified heat, radiation, and water scarcity. However, nutrient management under hot weather conditions remains a persistent barrier because nutrient availability and uptake are highly sensitive to microclimate-water-plant interactions. This review addressed current technology on nutrient variability, defined as spatial and temporal fluctuations in nutrient concentration, availability, and plant uptake for hot-temperature crops in greenhouses, and evaluates monitoring and control solutions. Different studies showed the air temperature, high vapor pressure deficit, and root-zone temperatures frequently exceeding 30°C amplify evapotranspiration and disturb ion transport, often inducing calcium, magnesium, boron, or iron-related disorders despite adequate solution concentrations. Spatial variability is driven by heterogeneous airflow, cooling efficiency, irrigation uniformity, and substrate hydraulic/chemical properties, while temporal variability arises from diurnal microclimate shifts, growth stage demand, and nutrient accumulation-depletion cycles. Conventional laboratory-based solution sampling and tissue analyses were compared with advanced approaches including electrical conductivity (EC) and pH probes, ion-selective electrodes (ISE), optical sensing modules, and imaging/remote platforms supported by internet of things (IoT) connectivity and artificial intelligence (AI) analytics. Control strategies were reviewed across scales, from adaptive nutrient supply scheduling and dynamic nutrient formulation to closed-loop feedback systems, decision support tools, fuzzy and hybrid controllers, and emerging digital twin frameworks that couple sensor streams with real-time simulation. Key limitations include sensor drift and temperature interference, calibration and interoperability challenges, high upfront costs, and grower adoption barriers. Future research needs to prioritize robust, low-cost sensing technologies, standardized data fusion standards, predictive AI-IoT control systems, and sustainable circular nutrient management to enhance resilience and productivity under climate warming.

Keywords
Smart farm
hot temperature crops
nutrient variability
nutrient management
microclimate
precision agriculture
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Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국농업기계학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of Agricultural Machinery Engineering
  • Journal Title(Ko) :농업기계공학
  • Volume : 6
  • No :1
  • Pages :21-45
  • Received Date : 2026-01-22
  • Revised Date : 2026-02-23
  • Accepted Date : 2026-02-27
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.12972/jame.2026.6.1.3
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